Niki uzi ku bijyanye no kubyara?

Ibiranga kugenda
Iyo icyuma gisanzwe gikora, hasabwa firime yoroheje yamavuta hagati yigihuru cyera nigiti kizunguruka kugirango uyisige. Niba amavuta ari mabi, hariho ubushyamirane butaziguye hagati yigitereko nigiti, kandi guterana bizatanga ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, nubwo ubwikorezi bukozwe mubikoresho bidasanzwe byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ariko ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buterwa no guterana amagambo buracyariho bihagije kuyitwika. Igikonoshwa gishobora kandi gutwikwa kubera umutwaro urenze urugero, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umwanda wamavuta yo gusiga cyangwa ubukonje budasanzwe nibindi bintu. Igikoresho cyo kunyerera cyangiritse nyuma yo gutwika tile.

Gutwara ibihuru
Igihuru cyizengurutswe n’igihuru gishobora gutabwa, kandi igipande cyikomatanya (cyitwa Bear liner) kirashobora gusukwa hejuru yimbere yigihuru cyera kugirango kunoza imikorere. Kugirango ukore ibishishwa bivanze hamwe nigikonoshwa gifatanye neza, uburyo butandukanye bwa mortise, groove cyangwa umugozi akenshi bikozwe hejuru yimbere yimbere yikibaho. Uruzitiro ruto rushobora kubyara umusaruro mukuzunguruka kwisahani ya bimetal.
Ifu ya metallurgie ni ukuvanga ibikoresho byibanze nkicyuma cyangwa umuringa muburyo bwa poro na grafite, hanyuma ugakanda no gukora icyaha. Imyenge yacyo irashobora kubika amavuta yo kwisiga, bita amavuta.
Gutwara ibikoresho byo mu gihuru mubisanzwe byoroshye, silinderi yimbere ntigomba gutunganywa nuburyo bwo gusya, birashobora gutunganywa kurambirana, kurambira diyama, gusiba cyangwa gusya. Uburyo bwo gusya ntibukwiye gukoreshwa kugirango buhuze umurambararo wa shaft, ahubwo bugomba gukoresha inkoni idasanzwe ifite ubunini bungana nu mwobo. Gusiba bikoreshwa cyane mubice byateganijwe, hamwe nicyuma kinini. Iyo gukuramo intoki, igishushanyo kigomba kuba gito. Gutwara igihuru gifite imiterere yimbere yimbere igomba gukoresha uburyo budasanzwe burambiranye ukurikije imiterere yihariye.

Ibikoresho byo gutwara birangwa na coefficient ntoya yo guterana, imbaraga zumunaniro zihagije, imikorere myiza yo kwiruka no kurwanya ruswa. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gutwara ibintu byinshi birimo amavuta (Babbitt), umuringa wumuringa, ifu ya metallurgie hamwe nicyuma cyumukara hamwe nicyuma cyihanganira kwambara.
Ibikoresho bidasiga amavuta ni polymer, carbone grafite na ceramics idasanzwe ibyiciro bitatu.
polymer
Polymer izwi kandi nkibikoresho bya polymer organic, plastike yubuhanga. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa ni fenolike resin, nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nibindi. Amashanyarazi adasizwe amavuta akozwe muri plastiki (nka PTFE) arashobora kurwanya acide zikomeye na alkalis nkeya, kandi akagira gushiramo neza, kurwanya friction no kwambara. Urupapuro rwa polytetrafluoroethylene rwashyizweho kashe mu mpeta ya kashe yiminwa, ifite igihuru, impeta ya piston na gasketi, nibindi, bikoreshwa kuri convoyeur umukandara, imashini yandika, imashini idoda, imashini ihinduranya imashini, pompe yamazi, imashini yimyenda n’imashini zubuhinzi.
Polimeri ifite ibiranga uburemere bworoshye, kubika, kurwanya-guterana, kwambara birwanya, kwisiga, kurwanya ruswa, uburyo bworoshye bwo kubumba no gukora neza. Ugereranije n'ibikoresho by'ibyuma, imiterere yabyo ya tribologiya yunvikana nubushyuhe bwibidukikije nubushuhe bw’ibidukikije, kandi ibiranga isano na viscoelasticitike ni ngombwa, bityo ikinyuranyo kiri hagati y’igihuru cyera nikinyamakuru ni kinini. Kandi kubera imbaraga nkeya zubukanishi, modulus ntoya ya elastike, kwinjiza nabi amavuta yo gusiga, no kugabanya umuvuduko wakazi nigiciro cyumuvuduko.
karubone
Carbone-grafite itwara irashobora gukoreshwa mubidukikije. Nibintu byinshi bishushanyije, byoroshye ibikoresho, ntoya ya coefficient de frais.
Ubusanzwe Carbone grafite ifite amashanyarazi meza, irwanya ubushyuhe, irwanya kwambara, kwiyitirira amavuta, ihindagurika ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru, imiti irwanya ruswa, ubukana bw’umuriro burenze polymer, hamwe na coefficente yo kwagura umurongo. Ibintu byo guterana no kwambara hamwe na chrome yubatswe hejuru ni bike cyane mubihe byubushyuhe bwikirere nicyumba. Imiterere yacyo yo kwiyuhagira no kurwanya antifriction biterwa nubunini bwamazi yo mumazi yamamajwe, ariko azabura amavuta kubushuhe buke cyane. Kurwanya imyuka ya karubone irashobora kunozwa ukoresheje igifuniko kirwanya abrasion. Carbone-grafite irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bisiga amazi.
Graphite ntishobora gukoreshwa gusa nk'amavuta akomeye, irashobora kongerwamo resin, ibyuma, ububumbyi nibindi bikoresho, kongera anti-friction yibikoresho, ariko kandi irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye nkibikoresho byo guterana amagambo, nko gukora impapuro, gutunganya ibiti, imyenda, ibiryo nahandi hantu hashobora kwihanganira amavuta, ubushyuhe buringaniye, impeta zifunga, impeta za piston, ibisakuzo nibindi. Ikimenyetso "icyiciro" gihagarariye ibikoresho bya karubone-grafitike yubuhanga bwubukanishi ni M, kandi hariho urukurikirane enye: ibikoresho bya karubone-grafite, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ya grafitike, resin ya carbone yibikoresho hamwe nibikoresho bya grafite.
ceramic
Ubukorikori ni imyunyu ngugu idasanzwe idafite ubutare cyangwa ibihimbano nkibikoresho fatizo, mu gusya, gukora no gucana ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bigizwe na kristu ntoya itari iy'ibyuma na feri y'ibirahure by'ibikoresho bitari ubutare. Ubukorikori gakondo bukozwe mu myunyu ngugu idasanzwe idafite ubutare, nk'ibumba, feldspar, quartz, n'ibindi. Ubukorikori bukoreshwa mubuhanga bwubukanishi muri rusange nubukorikori budasanzwe bukozwe muri alumina, oxyde ya magnesium, zirconi, okiside, okiside ya titanium, karbide ya karubide, karbide ya boron, nitride ya silicon, nitride ya boron nibindi bikoresho byubukorikori.
Imiterere yububumbyi bugenwa ahanini na microstructure, harimo ingano yingano nogukwirakwiza, ibigize nibiri murwego rwikirahure, na kamere, ibirimo nogukwirakwiza umwanda. Microstructure igenwa nibikoresho fatizo, ibihimbano hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora. Ibintu bisanzwe biranga ububumbyi nubukomezi bukabije nimbaraga zo kwikomeretsa, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kurwanya kwambara, kurwanya okiside, kurwanya ruswa, ubukana, kurwanya ingaruka no kudahinduka.
Ceramic ni ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bitarimo amavuta, cyane cyane SiC na Si3N4, imbaraga zabo, kurwanya ubushyuhe no kurwanya ruswa ni byiza cyane, imiterere ya tribologiya nayo ni nziza cyane.