Wazi ntoni ngokuthwala?

Iimpawu zentshukumo
Xa i-plain bearing isebenza, ifilimu yeoli encinci iyadingeka phakathi kwehlathi elithweleyo kunye ne-shaft ejikelezayo ukuyithambisa. Ukuba i-lubrication ihlwempuzekile, kukho ukungqubuzana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-bearing kunye ne-shaft, kwaye i-friction iya kuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, nangona i-bearing yenziwe ngezinto ezikhethekileyo ze-alloy alloy, kodwa ubushushu obuphezulu obuveliswa yi-friction ngqo. ngokwaneleyo ukuyitshisa. Igobolondo elithweleyo linokutsha ngenxa yomthwalo ogqithisileyo, ubushushu obuphezulu, ukungcola kwioli yokuthambisa okanye i-viscosity engaqhelekanga kunye nezinye izinto. I-sliding bear yonakaliswa emva kokuba ithayile itshisiwe.

Ukuthwala machining ehlathini
I-thick-walled-walled bush inokuphoswa, kwaye i-alloy ye-bearing alloy (ebizwa ngokuba yi-bearing liner) inokugalelwa kwindawo yangaphakathi yehlathi elithweleyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-friction. Ukuze wenze i-alloy ethwele i-alloy kunye negobolondo yokuthwala inamathele kakuhle, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-mortise, i-groove okanye intambo zihlala zenziwe kwindawo yangaphakathi yegobolondo. Ukuthwala udonga olubhityileyo lunokuveliswa ngobuninzi ngokuqengqeleka ngokuqhubekayo kwamacwecwe e-bimetal.
I-metallurgy yomgubo kukuxutywa kwemathiriyeli esisiseko njengentsimbi okanye ubhedu olukwimo yomgubo kunye negraphite, emva koko ukucofa kunye nokwenza i-sintering. Imingxuma yayo inokugcina ioli yokuthambisa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-oyile.
Ukuthwala i-bush material ngokuqhelekileyo ithambile, i-cylinder yangaphakathi ayifanele iqhutywe ngendlela yokugaya, inokucutshungulwa ngokubhongisa, i-diamond boring, i-scraping okanye indlela yokugaya. Indlela yokugaya akufanele isetyenziswe ukuhambelana nobubanzi be-shaft, kodwa kufuneka isebenzise intonga ekhethekileyo yokuqhawula kunye nobukhulu obufanayo nomngxuma wokuthwala. Ukukrwela kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibheringi zeethayile ezingaphelelanga, kunye ne-blade scraper ebanzi. Xa ukukrwela ngesandla, umkrwelo kufuneka ube nzulu. Ukuthwala isihlahla esinemilo yangaphakathi entsonkothileyo kufuneka yamkele indlela ekhethekileyo yokudika ngokwemilo ethile.

Izinto ezithwalayo zibonakaliswa yi-coefficient encinci ye-friction, amandla okwaneleyo okukhathala, ukusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza kunye nokuchasana nokugqwala okuhle. Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zithwala ingxubevange (Babbitt), ingxubevange yobhedu, umgubo wesinyithi kunye nentsimbi engwevu kunye nentsimbi enganyangekiyo.
Izinto ze-bushing ezithwala i-non-lubricated ziyi-polymer, i-carbon graphite kunye ne-ceramics ezikhethekileyo iindidi ezintathu.
ipholima
Ipolymer ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-organic polymer materials, iiplastiki zobunjineli. Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-phenolic resin, inayiloni, i-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) kunye nokunye. Iibheringi ezingaxutywanga zenziwe ngeeplastiki (ezifana ne-PTFE) ziyakwazi ukuxhathisa i-acids eqinile kunye ne-alkali ebuthakathaka, kwaye ibe nokufakela okulungileyo, ukuchasana nokuxhatshazwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka. Iphepha le-polytetrafluoroethylene lifakwe isitampu kwikhonkco lokutywinwa komlomo, isihlahla esithwalayo, i-piston ring kunye ne-gasket, njl., ezisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ibhanti, umatshini wokuchwetheza, umatshini wokuthunga, ukurekhoda umdlali werekhodi, impompo yamanzi, oomatshini beempahla kunye noomatshini bezolimo.
I-polymer ineempawu zobunzima bokukhanya, ukugquma, ukuchasana nokukhuhlana, ukumelana nokunxiba, ukuzithambisa, ukumelana nokugqwala, inkqubo yokubumba elula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zetsimbi, iimpawu zabo ze-tribological zinovakalelo kwiqondo lokushisa kunye nokufuma, kwaye iimpawu ezinxulumene ne-viscoelasticity zibalulekile, ngoko ke umsantsa phakathi kwetyholo lokuthwala kunye nejenali inkulu. Kwaye ngenxa yamandla ayo omatshini aphantsi, imodyuli encinci yeelastiki, ukufunxwa kakubi kweoyile yokuthambisa, kunye nokunciphisa isantya sokusebenza kunye nexabiso loxinzelelo lokuthwala.
carbon-graphite
Ukuthwala iCarbon-graphite kunokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinzima. Ubuninzi bomxholo wegraphite, izinto ezithambileyo zithambile, incinci i-coefficient ye-friction.
Ikhabhoni graphite ngokubanzi inombane olungileyo, ukumelana nobushushu, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, ukuzithambisa, uzinzo lobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa okuqinileyo kweekhemikhali, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-thermal kunepolymer, kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokwandisa umgama. I-friction factor kunye nesantya sokugqoka kunye ne-chrome-plated surface iphantsi kakhulu kwi-atmospheric kunye neemeko zeqondo lokushisa. Iipropathi zayo zokuzithambisa kunye ne-antifriction zixhomekeke kubungakanani bomphunga wamanzi adsorbed, kodwa uya kulahlekelwa lubricity kumanzi aphantsi kakhulu. Ukumelana nokunxiba kwekhabhoni yegraphite kunokuphuculwa ngokufaka i-abrasion resistant coating. Ikhabhoni-graphite nayo ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuthwala amanzi.
I-graphite ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela njenge-lubricant eqinile, inokuthi ifakwe kwi-resin, isinyithi, i-ceramics kunye nezinye izinto, ukwandisa ukuchasana kwezi zinto, kodwa ingasetyenziselwa ngokuthe ngqo njengento yokudibanisa i-friction, efana nokwenza iphepha, ukusetyenzwa kweenkuni, i-textile, ukutya kunye nezinye iindawo ezinganyangekiyo kwi-oyile yeebheringi, iibheringi ezinobushushu obuphezulu, imisesane yokutywina, amakhonkco episton, i-scrapers njalo njalo. Isimboli esimele "iklasi" ye-carbon-graphite materials for engineering mechanical is M, kwaye kukho iindidi ezine: izinto ze-carbon-graphite, izinto ze-electrochemical graphite, i-resin carbon composite materials kunye ne-metal graphite materials.
ceramic
I-Ceramics i-inorganic non-metallic minerals yendalo okanye i-artificial compounds njengezinto ezikrwada, ngokusila, ukwenza kunye nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-sintering, eyenziwe ngamakristale amancinci angenayo i-inorganic non-metallic kunye nesigaba seglasi sezinto ezingezo zetsimbi. Iiseramikhi zemveli zenziwe ngeeminerali zendalo ezingezizo ezentsimbi, ezifana nodongwe, i-feldspar, i-quartz, njl njl. Iiseramics ezikhethekileyo zenziwe nge-artificial compounds njengemathiriyeli ekrwada. Iiseramikhi ezisetyenziswa kubunjineli bomatshini ngokubanzi ziiseramikhi ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe nge-alumina, i-magnesium oxide, i-zirconia, i-lead oxide, i-titanium oxide, i-silicon carbide, i-boron carbide, i-silicon nitride, i-boron nitride kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezenziweyo.
Iipropati ze-ceramics zinqunywe kakhulu yi-microstructure yazo, kubandakanywa ubungakanani bengqolowa kunye nokusabalalisa, ukubunjwa kunye nomxholo wesigaba seglasi, kunye nohlobo, umxholo kunye nokusabalalisa ukungcola. I-microstructure inqunywe ngezinto eziluhlaza, ukubunjwa kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeeramics zinzima kakhulu kunye namandla oxinzelelo, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhatshazwa kwe-oxidation, ukumelana ne-corrosion, i-brittleness, ukuchasana kwempembelelo kunye nokungabikho kwe-ductility.
I-Ceramic luhlobo olutsha lwezinto ezithwalayo ngaphandle kokuthambisa, ngakumbi i-SiC kunye ne-Si3N4, amandla abo, ukuxhathisa ubushushu kunye nokumelana nokubola kuhle kakhulu, iipropati ze-tribological nazo zilungile kakhulu.