Mukudziwa chiyani za kubereka?

Zoyenda makhalidwe
Pamene chigwacho chikugwira ntchito, filimu yopyapyala yamafuta imafunika pakati pa chitsamba chonyamula ndi tsinde lozungulira kuti lizipaka mafuta. Ngati mafutawo ndi osauka, pali mikangano mwachindunji pakati pa kunyamula ndi kutsinde, ndipo kukangana kumatulutsa kutentha kwambiri, ngakhale kubereka kumapangidwa ndi zipangizo zapadera za aloyi, koma kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumapangidwa ndi kukangana kwachindunji kumakadalibe. zokwanira kuziwotcha. Chipolopolocho chikhoza kuwotcha chifukwa cha katundu wambiri, kutentha kwambiri, zonyansa zamafuta opaka mafuta kapena kukhuthala kwachilendo ndi zina. Malo otsetsereka adawonongeka matailosi atawotchedwa.

Kunyamula chitsamba Machining
Chitsamba chokhala ndi mipanda yokhuthala chimatha kuponyedwa, ndipo gawo la aloyi (lotchedwa bearing liner) limatha kutsanuliridwa mkati mwa chitsamba chonyamulira kuti chiwongolero chikhale bwino. Kuti apange alloy yonyamula ndi chipolopolo chonyamulira kuti chigwirizane bwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mortise, groove kapena ulusi nthawi zambiri imapangidwa mkati mwa chipolopolo chonyamula. Mipanda yopyapyala imatha kupangidwa mochuluka ndi kugudubuzika kwa mbale za bimetal.
Ufa zitsulo ndi kusakaniza zinthu zofunika monga chitsulo kapena mkuwa mu mawonekedwe ufa ndi graphite, ndiyeno kukanikiza ndi sintering kupanga. Mabowo ake amatha kusunga mafuta opaka, otchedwa mafuta.
Kukhala ndi zinthu zachitsamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofewa, silinda yamkati sayenera kukonzedwa ndi njira yopera, imatha kukonzedwa ndi njira yotopetsa, yotopetsa ya diamondi, yopukutira kapena yopera. Njira yoperayo siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ifanane ndi m'mimba mwake, koma iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yapadera yokhala ndi kukula kofanana ndi dzenje. Kukakula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga matailosi pang'ono, okhala ndi scraper yayikulu. Mukamakanda ndi dzanja, kukanda kuyenera kukhala kozama. Chitsamba chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta amkati chiyenera kutengera njira yapadera yotopetsa molingana ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Zomwe zimanyamula zimadziwika ndi kugunda kwazing'ono, mphamvu zokwanira zotopa, kuyendetsa bwino komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi aloyi (Babbitt), aloyi yamkuwa, zitsulo zamafuta ndi chitsulo chotuwira komanso chitsulo chosamva kuvala.
Zida zopanda mafuta zokhala ndi bushing zimakhala ndi polima, carbon graphite ndi zoumba zapadera magulu atatu.
polima
Polima amadziwikanso kuti organic polymer materials, engineering mapulasitiki. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi phenolic resin, nayiloni, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ndi zina zotero. Ma bere osapaka mafuta opangidwa ndi mapulasitiki (monga PTFE) amatha kukana ma acid amphamvu ndi ma alkali ofooka, ndipo amakhala ndi kuyika bwino, kutsutsa komanso kuvala kukana. Pepala la polytetrafluoroethylene limasindikizidwa mu mphete yosindikizira milomo, chitsamba chonyamula, mphete ya pistoni ndi gasket, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula lamba, makina osindikizira, makina osokera, makina ojambulira, pampu yamadzi, makina ansalu ndi makina aulimi.
Polima ali ndi mawonekedwe a kulemera kopepuka, kutchinjiriza, odana ndi mikangano, kukana kuvala, kudzipaka mafuta, kukana dzimbiri, njira yosavuta yopangira komanso kupanga bwino kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi zida zachitsulo, katundu wawo wa tribological amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kozungulira ndi chinyezi, ndipo mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi viscoelasticity ndi ofunika, kotero kusiyana pakati pa chitsamba ndi magazini ndi chachikulu. Ndipo chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zochepa zamakina, modulus yaying'ono yotanuka, kusayamwa bwino kwamafuta opaka mafuta, ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa ntchito ndi kukakamiza kwa chonyamulira.
carbon-graphite
Mpweya wa carbon-graphite ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo ovuta. Kuchuluka kwa graphite kumapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zofewa, zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Carbon graphite nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, kukana kutentha, kukana kuvala, kudzipaka mafuta, kukhazikika kwa kutentha, kukana kwa dzimbiri kwamankhwala, matenthedwe apamwamba kuposa polima, komanso kukula kwa mzere wocheperako. Kugundana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavalidwe okhala ndi chrome-yokutidwa ndi pamwamba ndizotsika kwambiri mumlengalenga komanso kutentha kwachipinda. Makhalidwe ake odzitchinjiriza komanso oletsa kukwapula amadalira kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yamadzi yomwe amadsorbed, koma amataya lubricity pa chinyezi chochepa kwambiri. Kukana kuvala kwa carbon graphite kumatha kupitilizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zosagwirizana ndi abrasion. Carbon-graphite itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chonyamulira madzi.
Graphite sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta olimba, akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku utomoni, zitsulo, zoumba ndi zipangizo zina, kuonjezera anti-friction ya zipangizozi, komanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati mikangano awiri zakuthupi, monga kupanga pepala, kukonza matabwa, nsalu, chakudya ndi malo ena osagwirizana ndi mafuta, mayendedwe okwera kwambiri, mphete zosindikizira, mphete za pistoni, scrapers ndi zina zotero. Chizindikiro cha "kalasi" choyimira zida za carbon-graphite yopanga makina opangira makina ndi M, ndipo pali mitundu inayi: zida za carbon-graphite, electrochemical graphite materials, resin carbon composite materials and metal graphite materials.
ceramic
Ceramics ndi organic sanali zitsulo zitsulo zachilengedwe mchere kapena yokumba mankhwala monga zopangira, ndi akupera, kupanga ndi kutentha sintering, wopangidwa ndi zambiri inorganic sanali zitsulo makhiristo ang'onoang'ono ndi galasi gawo la zinthu sanali zitsulo. Zadothi zachikhalidwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda zitsulo zopanda zitsulo, monga dongo, feldspar, quartz, ndi zina zotero. Zadothi zapadera zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala opangira zinthu monga zopangira. Zadothi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga uinjiniya wamakina nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoumba zapadera zopangidwa ndi alumina, magnesium oxide, zirconia, lead oxide, titanium oxide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride ndi mankhwala ena ochita kupanga.
Makhalidwe a ceramics amatsimikiziridwa ndi microstructure yawo, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa tirigu ndi kugawa, mapangidwe ndi zomwe zili mu gawo la galasi, ndi chikhalidwe, zomwe zili ndi kugawa zonyansa. Microstructure imatsimikiziridwa ndi zopangira, kapangidwe kake ndi kupanga. Makhalidwe odziwika bwino a ceramics ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu zopondereza, kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukana kuvala, kukana makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kukana kwa dzimbiri, brittleness, kukana kwamphamvu komanso kusakhala ndi ductility.
Ceramic ndi mtundu watsopano wa zinthu zopanda mafuta, makamaka SiC ndi Si3N4, mphamvu zawo, kukana kutentha ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi zabwino kwambiri, katundu wa tribological ndi wabwino kwambiri.