1. Ke kumu o ke apo piston

(1) ʻAʻole kūpono ka piston ring i nā koi a ʻilihune ka ikaika kulou;

(2) He mānoanoa loa ka papa lapaʻau ʻili o ke apo, a ʻilihune ka pale ʻana i ka luhi.

2. Nā kumu piston

(1) Ma hope o ke komo ʻana o ke apo, he ʻano pū kona, kahi e wili a haki ai ke apo piston i ka wā e hana ai;

(2) Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka piston e ka wela, a ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke apo a wāwahi ʻia e ka paʻi;

(3) ʻAʻole kūlike ka ʻāʻī o ke apo piston, paʻa ke apo a nalowale kona elasticity, a haki ʻia e ka hopena.

3. Nā kumu no ka liner cylinder

(1) He liʻiliʻi ke anawaena o loko o ka liner cylinder, a paʻa a haki ka wehe ʻana o ke apo piston;

(2) He nui ke anawaena o loko o ka liner cylinder, nui ka āpau o ka hopena o ke apo, a hoʻoikaika ʻia ka flutter i ka wā e hana ana ke apo;

(3) He wavy ka liner cylinder, a ua haki ke apo e nā mana like ʻole i ka wā o ka hana.

4. Nā kumu ʻē aʻe

(1) Ka lubrication maikaʻi ʻole;

(2) Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke komo ʻana o ke apo i ka palena o ka lawelawe, a e haki ia ma hope o ka hoʻohana mau ʻana;

(3) Haʻihaʻi ma muli o ka hoʻokomo pono ʻole a me ka wehe ʻana;

(4) ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻanuʻu o ke kikowaena make luna o ka liner cylinder kahiko.