ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻili a me ka maka hope o ke apo mua he chrome-plated, a hiki i nā apo piston ʻē aʻe ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā apo piston engine diesel moana nui, a ʻo nā liner cylinder he chrome-plated. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi apo piston chrome-ceramic composite coating, a hōʻike ka hōʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka lole ma lalo o ka hapalua o ke apo piston chrome-plated, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka lole o ka cylinder liner pili.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o ka Molybdenum sprayed layer, kope kope a me ke kūpaʻa tensile cylinder ma mua o ka chrome plating. Hiki i ke kaula kila kila a me ka molybdenum-sprayed piston apo ke hana i ka lua friction maikaʻi.

ʻO nā papa paʻakikī i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā apo piston he alumini oxide, titanium oxide a me chromium oxide, ka nui o ka alumini titanate coating.

Hoʻohui ʻia ke ʻano implantation ion i nā mea kemika i koho ʻia i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu i loko o ka liner cylinder a me nā ʻāpana apo piston. Hoʻohui ʻia ka papa ion injected me ka ʻili o ka cylinder liner a me ke apo piston, a he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me ka pololei. Aia ka nui o ka plasma plating TiN diffusion layer, surface ion plating CrN hard film, rare earth ion carburizing a pēlā aku. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ke apo piston a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke apo piston a laila hoʻomaloʻo i ka ʻili o nā ion honua.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lubrication o ka ʻili ke hana kemika i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni metala ma luna o ka ili o ka hao, ke kila a me ka pauka metallurgy mea e pāʻani ai i kahi hana lubricating ponoʻī. Loaʻa ka nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni phosphating phosphating a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxidation alkaline, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lamination o nā apo piston a me nā cylinder liners o nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka nitriding wai a me ka nitriding palupalu ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o nā liner cylinder hao.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka pale ʻana o ka paʻa friction e nā ʻano kumu like ʻole, no laila e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia ka ʻili me ka nui o ka pale ʻana. No ka laʻana: hoʻonā ahi a me ka sulfurizing, carburizing quenching a sulfurizing, nitriding palupalu a me ka sulfurizing, nitroxide a me ka hui pū ʻana o ka chrome plating a me ka molybdenum spray.