ʻO nā kumu nui o ka piston bias penei:

(1) I ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i ka cylinder, ʻaʻole pololei ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hewa non-perpendicularity o ka laina kikowaena cylinder a me ka laina kikowaena kikowaena crankshaft ma mua o ka palena.

(2) ʻO ka like ʻole o nā laina waena o nā lua poʻo nui a me nā poʻo liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kuʻi ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui; ʻo ka like ʻole o nā laina waena ʻelua o ka puke pai lāʻau hoʻohui a me ka puke pai nui ma mua o ka palena.

(3) Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka poloka cylinder a i ʻole ka cylinder liner, e hōʻemi ana i ka hewa kū pololei o ka laina kikowaena cylinder a hiki i ka crankshaft main bearing center line ma mua o ka palena.

(4) Hoʻopuka ka crankshaft i ke kuʻekuʻe a me ka deformation torsion, a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka mālama ʻana e like me nā kikoʻī ʻenehana, no laila ʻaʻole i ka mokulele hoʻokahi ke kikowaena o ka puke hoʻohui a me ka laina waena o ka puke pai; ʻAʻole kūpono ka hana ʻana o ka lima keleawe i nā koi ʻenehana, a ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ka deflection.

(5) ʻAʻole i hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia ka puka pine piston; ʻAʻole kū pololei ka laina waena o ka pine piston i ka laina waena o ka piston, etc.